(1) A Blueprint for Action (http://www.environmentmaryland.org/); Powering Maryland’s Future (http://www.
marylandpirg.org/home/reports/report-archives/smart-energy-solutions/smart-energy-solutions/powering-
marylands-future-how-clean-energy-outperforms-nuclear-power-in-delivering-a-reliable-safe-and-affordable-
supply-of-electricity); Makhijani, A., 2007. A Roadmap for U.S. Energy Policy, IEER Press, Takoma Park,
Maryland.
(2) A comprehensive list includes:
WIND: The size of wind turbines, the land needed for each pad and for the roads and transmission lines needed
to build and service the installation, and the spacing of the turbines relative to one another (this latter also
applies to offshore wind plants). The Capacity Factor of each location. The expected lifetime of the devices and
their replacement cost.
SOLAR: The thermodynamic efficiency of the collectors or photovoltaic cells. The Capacity Factor of each
location. The expected lifetime of the devices and their replacement cost.
BIOMASS: The crop yield and the heat capacity of each particular crop. The energy required to dry the crop (if
necessary) and the energy needed to prepare it for burning. The distance needed to transport to the electric
plant.
(3) http://esm.versar.com/pprp/
(3a) http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table1abcd.xls#Table1!A1
(3b) http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_sum/html/pdf/rank_use_per_cap.pdf
(4) http://www.nei.
org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/reliableandaffordableenergy/graphicsandcharts/usnucleargeneratingstatis
tics/
(5) Nuclear reactors are called “baseload units” because they are used to supply the demand that is constant
throughout the year; they are not designed to be started and stopped frequently. At present, baseload is about
60% of total demand, so nuclear reactors, at present, cannot supply more than this proportion. The remaining
40% has to be supplied by plants that can be turned on and off quickly (these are called “peakers”). Shifting
demand from peak to baseload by incentives for using electricity during off-peak hours would allow a higher
proportion to be produced by nuclear plants.
(6) http://www.pjm.com/~/media/documents/manuals/m21.ashx see "H" on p.17. This web page gives "effective
class average capacity factors" for both wind (13%) and solar (38%). The value for solar may seem
contradictory to the "annual capacity factor" given in the text of the section on solar power as 13%, but it
actually represents a different measure. The "annual capacity factor" is derived from a full year, while the
"effective class average capacity factor" includes only a restricted interval of time during daylight hours of the
summer (when day length is longest), and demand for electricity is highest. The fact that this measure is only
38% is actually another indication of the ineffectiveness of solar technology because it is based on production
during mid-day in the summer months when, in principle, it could be 100%.
(7) http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2006/07/24/those_allegedly_insurmountable_problems?blog=59
(8) http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps.html#3-28
(9) http://www.delmarva.com/_res/documents/staffreport.pdf
(10) http://www.vattenfall.
com/www/vf_com/vf_com/365787ourxc/366203opera/555848newpo/557004biofu77761/1466604ourxw/557004biofu/
index.jsp?WT.ac=search_success AND http://offshorewind.net/Questions.html
(11) http://www.solarbuzz.com/Consumer/FastFacts.htm
(12) The large photovoltaic plant in Spain (Planta solar Fuente Álamo) and the world’s largest concentrating
solar plant in the Mojave Desert both have Capacity Factors of about 19% (http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations) AND (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems)
The location of the Mojave Desert plant gets 340 days of sunshine per year. The Spanish plant has a capacity of
26 megawatts and cost €200 million which extrapolates to €55 billion for 1440 megawatts of effective capacity.
(13) See page 7-8 in http://www.nrel.gov/csp/pdfs/39291.pdf AND http://www.nrel.
gov/wind/systemsintegration/pdfs/2008/milligan_wind_capacity_value.pdf
(14) Sowers, S., 8/14/2008, “Going Solar Goes Mainstream; Tax Credits, Technology Bring Down Financial,
Aesthetic Barriers,” p F1, The Washington Post - Washington, D.C.
(15) Zweibel, K., et al., Jan. 2008, Scientific American, pp.64-74.
(16) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power
(17) http://www.cogeneration.net/Combined_Cycle_Power_Plants.htm AND http://www.sdenergy.
org/ContentPage.asp?ContentID=146&SectionID=64
(18) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_storage AND http://tonto.eia.doe.
gov/dnav/ng/ng_stor_cap_dcu_nus_a.htm
(19) Apt, J., Lave, L.B., and Pattanariyankool, S., 2008, Science and Technology; http://www.issues.org/25.1/apt.
html
(20) Switchgrass has an energy potential of 7,300 Btu/lb and solid wood waste of 6-8,000 Btu/lb (http://www.nrel.
gov/analysis/power_databook_3ed/docs/pdf/db_chapter12.pdf) (see Table 12.8)
(21) http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/egrid/index.html
(22) http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-
qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S2504&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-
_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US24&-format=&-_lang=en
(23) http://www.kutztown.edu/acad/geography/wildlife&windconf/Speaker_Presentations/Boone_GIS.pdf
(24) http://www.aep.com/about/i765project/docs/WindTransmissionVisionWhitePaper.pdf
(25) http://www.mde.state.md.us/Air/climatechange/index.asp
marylandpirg.org/home/reports/report-archives/smart-energy-solutions/smart-energy-solutions/powering-
marylands-future-how-clean-energy-outperforms-nuclear-power-in-delivering-a-reliable-safe-and-affordable-
supply-of-electricity); Makhijani, A., 2007. A Roadmap for U.S. Energy Policy, IEER Press, Takoma Park,
Maryland.
(2) A comprehensive list includes:
WIND: The size of wind turbines, the land needed for each pad and for the roads and transmission lines needed
to build and service the installation, and the spacing of the turbines relative to one another (this latter also
applies to offshore wind plants). The Capacity Factor of each location. The expected lifetime of the devices and
their replacement cost.
SOLAR: The thermodynamic efficiency of the collectors or photovoltaic cells. The Capacity Factor of each
location. The expected lifetime of the devices and their replacement cost.
BIOMASS: The crop yield and the heat capacity of each particular crop. The energy required to dry the crop (if
necessary) and the energy needed to prepare it for burning. The distance needed to transport to the electric
plant.
(3) http://esm.versar.com/pprp/
(3a) http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table1abcd.xls#Table1!A1
(3b) http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_sum/html/pdf/rank_use_per_cap.pdf
(4) http://www.nei.
org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/reliableandaffordableenergy/graphicsandcharts/usnucleargeneratingstatis
tics/
(5) Nuclear reactors are called “baseload units” because they are used to supply the demand that is constant
throughout the year; they are not designed to be started and stopped frequently. At present, baseload is about
60% of total demand, so nuclear reactors, at present, cannot supply more than this proportion. The remaining
40% has to be supplied by plants that can be turned on and off quickly (these are called “peakers”). Shifting
demand from peak to baseload by incentives for using electricity during off-peak hours would allow a higher
proportion to be produced by nuclear plants.
(6) http://www.pjm.com/~/media/documents/manuals/m21.ashx see "H" on p.17. This web page gives "effective
class average capacity factors" for both wind (13%) and solar (38%). The value for solar may seem
contradictory to the "annual capacity factor" given in the text of the section on solar power as 13%, but it
actually represents a different measure. The "annual capacity factor" is derived from a full year, while the
"effective class average capacity factor" includes only a restricted interval of time during daylight hours of the
summer (when day length is longest), and demand for electricity is highest. The fact that this measure is only
38% is actually another indication of the ineffectiveness of solar technology because it is based on production
during mid-day in the summer months when, in principle, it could be 100%.
(7) http://www.capecodtoday.com/blogs/index.php/2006/07/24/those_allegedly_insurmountable_problems?blog=59
(8) http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps.html#3-28
(9) http://www.delmarva.com/_res/documents/staffreport.pdf
(10) http://www.vattenfall.
com/www/vf_com/vf_com/365787ourxc/366203opera/555848newpo/557004biofu77761/1466604ourxw/557004biofu/
index.jsp?WT.ac=search_success AND http://offshorewind.net/Questions.html
(11) http://www.solarbuzz.com/Consumer/FastFacts.htm
(12) The large photovoltaic plant in Spain (Planta solar Fuente Álamo) and the world’s largest concentrating
solar plant in the Mojave Desert both have Capacity Factors of about 19% (http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations) AND (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems)
The location of the Mojave Desert plant gets 340 days of sunshine per year. The Spanish plant has a capacity of
26 megawatts and cost €200 million which extrapolates to €55 billion for 1440 megawatts of effective capacity.
(13) See page 7-8 in http://www.nrel.gov/csp/pdfs/39291.pdf AND http://www.nrel.
gov/wind/systemsintegration/pdfs/2008/milligan_wind_capacity_value.pdf
(14) Sowers, S., 8/14/2008, “Going Solar Goes Mainstream; Tax Credits, Technology Bring Down Financial,
Aesthetic Barriers,” p F1, The Washington Post - Washington, D.C.
(15) Zweibel, K., et al., Jan. 2008, Scientific American, pp.64-74.
(16) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power
(17) http://www.cogeneration.net/Combined_Cycle_Power_Plants.htm AND http://www.sdenergy.
org/ContentPage.asp?ContentID=146&SectionID=64
(18) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_storage AND http://tonto.eia.doe.
gov/dnav/ng/ng_stor_cap_dcu_nus_a.htm
(19) Apt, J., Lave, L.B., and Pattanariyankool, S., 2008, Science and Technology; http://www.issues.org/25.1/apt.
html
(20) Switchgrass has an energy potential of 7,300 Btu/lb and solid wood waste of 6-8,000 Btu/lb (http://www.nrel.
gov/analysis/power_databook_3ed/docs/pdf/db_chapter12.pdf) (see Table 12.8)
(21) http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/egrid/index.html
(22) http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-
qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_S2504&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-
_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US24&-format=&-_lang=en
(23) http://www.kutztown.edu/acad/geography/wildlife&windconf/Speaker_Presentations/Boone_GIS.pdf
(24) http://www.aep.com/about/i765project/docs/WindTransmissionVisionWhitePaper.pdf
(25) http://www.mde.state.md.us/Air/climatechange/index.asp
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